Biography of Kerry James Marshall, Contemporary Artist

History of Kerry James Marshall, Contemporary Artist Kerry James Marshall (conceived October 17, 1955) is a noticeable contemporary African-American craftsman. He kicked things off for dark craftsmen by ascending to the higher class of the workmanship world while remaining enduringly devoted to introducing work that investigates the dark involvement with America. His experience experiencing childhood in the Watts neighborhood of South Central Los Angeles significantly affected his craft. Quick Facts: Kerry James Marshall Occupation: ArtistBorn: October 17, 1955 in Birmingham, AlabamaEducation: Otis College of Art and DesignSelected Works: Voyager (1992), Many Mansions (1994), Portrait of Nat Turner with the Head of His Master (2011)Notable Quote: One of the reasons I paint individuals of color is on the grounds that I am an individual of color. Early Life and Career Conceived in Birmingham, Alabama, Kerry James Marshall moved with his family to the Watts neighborhood of South Central Los Angeles as a little youngster. He grew up encompassed by the Civil Rights and Black Power developments of the 1960s. He was an observer to the Watts revolts that happened in August 1965. As a young person, Kerry James Marshall participated in a late spring drawing class at the Otis Art Institute in Los Angeles after an instructor assigned him for consideration. There, he was demonstrated the studio of craftsman Charles White who later turned into his educator and guide. Kerry James Marshall enlisted as a full-time understudy at the Otis Art Institute in 1977 and earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1978. He moved to Chicago in 1987 subsequent to finishing a residency at the Studio Museum in Harlem, New York City. Marshall started instructing at the University of Illinois at Chicago in 1993, and he earned a virtuoso award from the John D. what's more, Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation in 1997. History as Subject Matter A significant number of Kerry James Marshalls works reference occasions from American history as essential topic. One of the most unmistakable is 1992s Voyager. The pontoon highlighted in the work of art is named Wanderer. It references the narrative of the previous yacht that was the last boat to bring an enormous number of African captives to America. Infringing upon a 50-year-old law forbidding the importation of slaves, the Wanderer showed up at Jekyll Island in Georgia in 1858 with more than 400 slaves ready. It was the last occasion throughout the entire existence of the African slave exchange America. In 2011, Marshall painted Portrait of Nat Turner with the Head of His Master. It is an almost full-length picture in the way of customary representation, yet the terrible picture of a man butchered in his rest lying behind Nat Turner is chilling. The recorded occasion referenced is the two-day slave defiance drove by Nat Turner in 1831. Lodging Projects In 1994, Kerry James Marshall painted an arrangement named The Garden Project. He delineates life out in the open lodging ventures in the U.S. enlivened by his own experience living in Nickerson Gardens, a 1,066-unit high rise in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles. His canvases in the arrangement investigate the polarity between the symbolism evoked by the names of the undertakings utilizing the word Gardens and the truth of brutal life openly lodging. It is a similitude for the lives of African-Americans in contemporary America. One of the key pieces is 1994s Many Mansions. It shows three dark men in formal garments playing out the difficult work of planting blossoms for a lodging venture. Their delineation is at the focal point of Marshalls juxtaposition of the perfect evoked by the idea of an open lodging venture with the truth of the occupants encounters. Another work of art in the arrangement, Better Homes, Better Gardens, shows a charming youthful dark couple walking around a block lodging venture. The motivation for this piece is Chicagos Wentworth Gardens. It is famous for a past filled with group viciousness and medication issues. Idea of Beauty Another incessant subject of Kerry James Marshalls work is the idea of excellence. The individuals delineated in Marshalls artistic creations for the most part have extremely dull, practically level dark, skin. He disclosed to questioners that he made the extraordinary to explicitly cause to notice the unmistakable appearance of dark Americans. In a progression of 1994 works of art of models, Marshall delineates male and female dark models. The male model is appeared against a for the most part white foundation that stresses the darkness of his skin. He is lifting his shirt to apparently impart the intensity of his physical make-up to watchers. He painted a topless female dark model with the names Linda, Cindy, and Naomi engraved in the upper right. They are the notorious supermodels Linda Evangelista, Cindy Crawford, and Naomi Campbell. In another model artwork, Marshall compared the picture of the female dark models face with those of blonde white models. Mastry In 2016, Kerry James Marshalls work was the subject of the generally critical review Mastry at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago. The show secured 35 years of Marshalls work with about 80 pieces showed. It was a remarkable festival of crafted by an African-American craftsman. Notwithstanding its plain festival of the dark involvement with America, numerous spectators saw Kerry James Marshalls function as a response to the development of a significant part of the craftsmanship foundation away from conventional work of art. In contrast to praised tries in moderate and applied craftsmanship, Marshall makes his works with an eye toward orchestrating his topic in manners that stretch back to the customs of workmanship from the Renaissance time. Kerry James Marshall has clarified that he is more keen on being a painter than making craftsmanship. At the point when the Mastry show headed out to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, Kerry James Marshall chose 40 works from the historical centers lasting assortment that he especially esteemed as motivation. The show inside a display was named Kerry James Marshall Selects. Open Works Controversy In 2018, Kerry James Marshalls artistic creations stood out as truly newsworthy in two debates over the estimation of open craftsmanship appeared differently in relation to the advantage of open administrations that could be given cash earned from deals of the workmanship. In May, the Metropolitan Pier and Exposition Authority of Chicago offered the great piece Past Times to rap craftsman and business visionary Sean Combs for $21 million. The first price tag was $25,000. The piece recently hung in the McCormick Place assembly hall out there in the open. The cash earned from the bartering gave a bonus to the spending plan of the open office. Much progressively dubious was the declaration by Chicago chairman Rahm Emmanuel that the city would sell the 1995 Kerry James Marshall painting Knowledge and Wonder. It held tight the divider in one of the citys open library branches. Appointed for $10,000, specialists pegged the estimation of the work of art at some place close $10 million. Emmanuel wanted to utilize the assets from the deal to grow and update a part of the library on the citys west side. After extraordinary analysis from people in general and the craftsman himself, the city pulled back designs to sell the work in November 2018. Source Tate, Greg, Charles Gaines, and Laurence Rassel. Kerry James Marshall. Phaidon, 2017.

Jackson vs. Calhoun and the Nullification Crisis Essay Essay Example

Jackson versus Calhoun and the Nullification Crisis Essay Paper It has been uncommon in American history for presidents and VPs non to gain along. yet, it has occurred on a couple of events: Adams and Jefferson. Kennedy and Johnson. furthermore, Eisenhower and Nixon are a couple of delineations ( Jackson versus Calhoun-Part 1 ) . In any case. the most disputable connection among president and his partner was between Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun. Their disputes started extremely from the get-go in Jackson’s removal. what's more, went on until after the revelation of the Nullification Crisis. Invalidation is the refusal of a region to recognize a government law inside its limits and esteem that statute illegal. In this case. South Carolina. driven by John C. Calhoun. would not recognize the defensive obligations in 1828. furthermore, 1832. expressing that they profited the North and harmed the South. We will compose a custom exposition test on Jackson versus Calhoun and the Nullification Crisis Essay explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Jackson versus Calhoun and the Nullification Crisis Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Jackson versus Calhoun and the Nullification Crisis Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Now in cut. the American arrangement of specialists was sensibly new and the fight among region and government power was going full speed ahead. Towards the terminal of the emergency. Calhoun ventured to such an extreme as to jeopardize to fragment from the Union to demo Jackson and the rest of America that solitary area authoritiess were so incredible. At the point when the wrangle had arrived at its extremum. Jackson had bounty and concluded it was clasp to set a terminal to the emergency. The activities and judgments made by President Andrew Jackson in regards to John C. Calhoun and the Nullification Crisis non just empowered the Union to remain together. be that as it may, demonstrated the intensity of the government specialists. Before rethinking Jackson’s activities during the Nullification Crisis it is of import to comprehend where the discords between the two work powers started. In 1829. just right away before Jackson was initiated. John Eaton. a companion and without further ado to be secretary of war under Jackson. hitched the widow and non-legitimate Peggy O’Neale Timberlake. Since Timberlake was presently the hitched lady of a grown-up male in office. the other grown-up females would hold to acknowledge her as an equivalent. which they were non upbeat about. Jackson. all things considered. would not accept that the grown-up females were legitimized in their conduct. for he considered Peggy to be â€Å"chaste as a virgin† ( Barzman 56 ) . After Jackson requested the wedded womans of the entirety of his partners to see Mrs. Eaton as a cultural equivalent. they all consented with the exception of one ; Floride Calhoun. the wedded lady of John C. Calhoun. Calhoun consequently asserte d to Jackson he could non ( or would non ) change the leader of his solid willed wedded lady. This chafed the newly chosen President and started the problematic idea of the two men’s relationship. The central aspect which energized their hapless relationship was their disparities in political conclusions. Albeit both work powers were from comparable pieces of the state and both were committed to the open help of their place territories. they differ on one extremely of import nation. Jackson was a nationalist. who accepted unequivocally in proceeding with the Union and puting government control over that of the single areas. Calhoun. on the different manus. was decisively the antonym. Albeit front to 1830. he had been a loyalist. Calhoun was currently a most extreme states’ rights advocator ( Barzman 56 ) . This giant distinction in political convention put things in place for the greater part of import proclamation among president and VP and hints Calhoun’s programs for South Carolina. Calhoun had been collecting his data and explaining his contemplations for the great beyond of South Carolina for rather some clasp. hanging tight for the ideal opportunity to reveal his maestro program. He needed to announce invalidation since his place territory of South Carolina was monetarily down. frightful about the great beyond of servitude. furthermore, thought the new obligations bolstered the North at the disbursal of the South ( The Nullification 1 ) . Jackson had an idea that Calhoun was be aftering something radical so at the Jefferson Day Dinner on April 30. 1830. he expressed that â€Å"Our Unionâ€it must be preserved† . To this Calhoun answered. â€Å"The Union. Close to our autonomies. most dear† ( Barzman 58 ) . After publically announcing his commitment to South Carolina before the Union. Calhoun surrendered the bad habit presidential term and served in the South Carolina Senate. Under two mature ages therefore. on April 24. 1832. Calhoun sent the South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification to Jackson. in which he pronounced. â€Å"The individuals of the region of South Carolina announce the duties forced by said Acts of the Apostless. and every legal continuing which will be existence in the wake of death had in affirmance thereof. are and will be void and invalid. We do more distant pronounce that we will non subject to the use of power on the bit of the Federal Government† ( Hamilton 1 ) . Jackson. dismayed by this immediate threat to the Union and the Federal Government. was resolved to set Calhoun in his topographic point and make anything he could to proceed with the Union. In spite of the fact that Calhoun had expressed in his Regulation that South Carolina would non respond to any commanding Acts of the Apostless by the specialists to attempt to obtain Calhoun to underwrite down. Jackson found a way to outmaneuver his resistance. Jackson had congress base on balls a measure in 1833. â€Å"which permitted him to use fighters to execute the obligation measures† ( Nullification Crisis 1 ) . After the Force Bill was passed. Jackson sent a few war vessels and 100s of troopers to Charleston to execute the Torahs of the specialists. A few people contend that what Jackson did was erroneously in light of the fact that dependent on the principal law. Calhoun reserved the option to proclaim Nullification for South Carolina. Be that as it may. what Jackson did was other than protected and empowered the United States of America to remain as one. Had Jackson non passed the Force Bill in a split second after South Carolina’s Ordinance was gotten. Calhoun’s procedure may hold succeeded and South Carolina would hold withdrew from the Union. turn excursion that the Federal Government genuinely did non hold any control over that of the single territory. After the footings of the Force Bill were set into topographic point. Calhoun started to perceive the difficult he had gotten himself into and needed to happen an honorable way to convey himself and his place area. From the outset Calhoun endeavored to happen different regions ready to back up and fall in his motivation. be that as it may, no other Southern regions appeared to hold with his hypothesis of invalidation. So as to choose the issue. Calhoun went to Henry Clay. the â€Å"Great Compromiser† . for help. Towards the terminal of 1833. Earth had the option to layout a by means of media which â€Å"pacified South Carolina while leting the Federal specialists to stand firm† ( The Nullification 2 ) . This discourse a tiny bit at a time diminished the obligations over a time of 10 mature ages until they returned down to the degree which had existed in 1816. Jackson and Calhoun both marked the by means of media and the emergency finished without slaughter. Numerous individuals contend that it was because of the negociating achievements of Henry Clay. non Jackson. which empowered the Union to remain in thoughtfulness. In any case. had Jackson non passed the Force Bill stomach muscle initio. Calhoun neer would hold been constrained into searching out Clay for help. With the choice of the Nullification Crisis its criticalness to the developing of the American specialists got apparent. By Jackson show signs of improvement ofing Calhoun. what's more, essentially show signs of improvement ofing the announcement of states’ rights advocators. he achieved two of import things. His first accomplishment was that he had â€Å"proved the intensity of the Federal Government to actualize Torahs. in any event, when regions can't help contradicting them† ( Jackson versus Calhoun †Part 2 ) . This non just gave the American individuals more confirmation in the Federal Government. yet, caused them to get down to perceive that holding area authoritiess more grounded than the Federal specialists would non regard the state. Jackson’s second accomplishment was that he empowered the Union to remain necessary. He had delayed any gore over the issue of states’ rights †yet only for 30 mature ages. Had Calhoun’s needs been satisfied. the Union may hold self-destructed and his place territory of South Carolina would hold become an amazing self-ruling region. The distinction in political tenet between Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun was the foundation of their problematic relationship. which started right off the bat in their official coexistence. The angry idea of their relationship drove America into the Nullification Crisis during which Calhoun put the open help of his place region over that of the fraternity. looking to fragment and demo the intensity of territory specialists. Jackson would non hold areas overmastering the specialists. furthermore, passed the Force Bill leting him to use the Federal Army and Navy to procure South Carolina to comply with the Torahs the Federal Government had made. State Government and Calhoun lost their contention and the Federal Government demonstrated its forces. In spite of the fact that he was non ready to clear out the activity of states’ rights. were it non for Jackson’s savvy judgments during the Nullification Crisis. the United States may non hold existed. as an individual frat ernity. as it does today.

Assignment Help - Best Online Resources

Assignment Help - Best Online Resources Online Assignment Help: Your New Go-To Resource Online Assignment Help: Your New Go-To Resource Sometimes we all need a little bit of assignment help when it comes to college and university. Whether you just need some extra sources or you need a whole new idea, there are plenty of places you can turn to for support. Fortunately, many of these resources are online, so you don’t have to worry about office or library hours, and you can work this assistance into your schedule. We’ve gathered our top writers and compiled this list of our go-to online resources for assignment help, so that you always have somewhere to turn when you’re stuck. BibMe Citing your sources and formatting your bibliography is one of the most annoying, time-consuming parts of writing a paper. That’s where BibMe comes in. Input the information, and the referencing style you’re using, and BibMe will generate your bibliography for you. Purdue OWL For more help with referencing style, make Purdue OWL your go-to referencing partner. The Writing Lab features extensive referencing guides that explain how to properly cite any type of source you’re using, from academic journals to YouTube videos, in a variety of different referencing styles. Hemingway Editor Use the Hemingway Editor to help improve the readability and flow of your essay. You can either write your essay within the tool, or you can copy and paste your essay once it’s written. Once you’ve typed out your essay, Hemingway Editor will scan it and check for some common errors, such as overuse of passive voice or complicated sentences. Tom March Thesis Builder Coming up with a great thesis statement can be one of the hardest parts of writing your paper, so using this thesis builder can seriously make your life easier. The Tom March Thesis Builder will help you generate a thesis for your paper by asking you to fill out a few questions, which will give you some great building blocks to get you on the right track. SparkNotes You should never rely on SparkNotes instead of actually reading the literature, but it can be a great tool to help you understand the concepts and ideas further. It’s a good idea to take a look at the explanations SparkNotes provides to make sure you’re on the same page, and that you don’t overlook any of the literary devices included in the text. Require Assignment Help? Let us Take Care of Your Assignments While we have shared some of our best-kept online tools for academic success, we are also here when you need us to take over. If you’re still stuck, it’s time to consider letting us craft you an essay that will get you the grade you need without the stress of scrambling for ideas. Order a custom written essay now and take the stress out of schoolwork. References: (n.d.) BibMe- The online writing center. BibMe. Retrieved from . Hemingway Editor. (n.d.) The Hemingway editor. HemingwayEditor. Retrieved from . SparkNotes. (n.d.) Sparknotes. BNN. Retrieved from . The Writing Lab. (n.d.) Purdue online writing lab. Purdue OWL. Retrieved from . Assignment Help - Best Online Resources Online Assignment Help: Your New Go-To Resource Online Assignment Help: Your New Go-To Resource Sometimes we all need a little bit of assignment help when it comes to college and university. Whether you just need some extra sources or you need a whole new idea, there are plenty of places you can turn to for support. Fortunately, many of these resources are online, so you don’t have to worry about office or library hours, and you can work this assistance into your schedule. We’ve gathered our top writers and compiled this list of our go-to online resources for assignment help, so that you always have somewhere to turn when you’re stuck. BibMe Citing your sources and formatting your bibliography is one of the most annoying, time-consuming parts of writing a paper. That’s where BibMe comes in. Input the information, and the referencing style you’re using, and BibMe will generate your bibliography for you. Purdue OWL For more help with referencing style, make Purdue OWL your go-to referencing partner. The Writing Lab features extensive referencing guides that explain how to properly cite any type of source you’re using, from academic journals to YouTube videos, in a variety of different referencing styles. Hemingway Editor Use the Hemingway Editor to help improve the readability and flow of your essay. You can either write your essay within the tool, or you can copy and paste your essay once it’s written. Once you’ve typed out your essay, Hemingway Editor will scan it and check for some common errors, such as overuse of passive voice or complicated sentences. Tom March Thesis Builder Coming up with a great thesis statement can be one of the hardest parts of writing your paper, so using this thesis builder can seriously make your life easier. The Tom March Thesis Builder will help you generate a thesis for your paper by asking you to fill out a few questions, which will give you some great building blocks to get you on the right track. SparkNotes You should never rely on SparkNotes instead of actually reading the literature, but it can be a great tool to help you understand the concepts and ideas further. It’s a good idea to take a look at the explanations SparkNotes provides to make sure you’re on the same page, and that you don’t overlook any of the literary devices included in the text. Require Assignment Help? Let us Take Care of Your Assignments While we have shared some of our best-kept online tools for academic success, we are also here when you need us to take over. If you’re still stuck, it’s time to consider letting us craft you an essay that will get you the grade you need without the stress of scrambling for ideas. Order a custom written essay now and take the stress out of schoolwork. References: (n.d.) BibMe- The online writing center. BibMe. Retrieved from . Hemingway Editor. (n.d.) The Hemingway editor. HemingwayEditor. Retrieved from . SparkNotes. (n.d.) Sparknotes. BNN. Retrieved from . The Writing Lab. (n.d.) Purdue online writing lab. Purdue OWL. Retrieved from .

Abraham Lincoln s Greatest Heroes - 1250 Words

Abraham Lincoln is refered to as one of America s greatest heroes due to both his incredible impact on the nation and his unique appeal. His most rememberal story of the rise from humble beginnings to achieve the highest office in the land, then, a sudden and tragic death at a time when his country needed him most to complete the great task remaining before the nation. Lincoln s distinctively human and humane personality and historical role as savior of the Union and emancipator of the slaves creates a legacy that endures. His eloquence of democracy and his insistence that the Union was worth saving embody the ideals of self-government that all nations strive to achieve. Childhood Abraham Lincoln was born in a log cabin in Hardin County on February 12 1809, Kentucky to Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lincoln. Thomas was a strong and determined pioneer who found a moderate level of prosperity and was well respected in the community. The couple had two other children: Abraham s older sister Sarah and younger brother Thomas, who died in infancy. Due to a land dispute, the Lincolns were forced to move from Kentucky to Perry County, Indiana in 1817, where the family squatted on public land to scrap out a living in a crude shelter, hunting game and farming a small plot. Thomas was eventually able to buy the land. Law Career In March, 1830, the family again migrated, this time to Macon County, Illinois. When his father moved the family again to Coles County, 22-year-oldShow MoreRelatedThe Tragic Hero Of Sophocles Antigone876 Words   |  4 PagesThis is true not only of Antigone, but also of Abraham Lincoln. While Abraham Lincoln may not be considered a tragic hero he is similar to Antigone because both were fulfilling a divine order. Antigone is the title character of Sophocles’ Antigone. She is the daughter of Oedipus, who coupled with his mother and murdered his father. As a result of her father’s fate she is a victim of circumstance. She is also considered a tragic hero. Aristotle s definition of a tragic hero is someone who startsRead MoreAbraham Lincoln : A Man Of Courage1459 Words   |  6 PagesAbraham Lincoln â€Å"Courage is not the absence of fear. It is going forward with the face of fear† - Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln was a man of courage who many looked up to during the civil war. Lincoln was born in Hodgenville, Kentucky, and grew up western frontier in Kentucky and Indiana. He was self-educated and became a lawyer in Illinois, a Whig Party leader and member of Illinois House of Representative, which he served for twelve year. Lincoln got a sense of what it took to be a leader of theRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln933 Words   |  4 PagesSynopsis Regarded as one of the United States of America greatest heroes, Abraham Lincoln is famous for his unique appeal and incredible impact on the nation. He was the United States 16th president. His story is an astounding one rising from a humble background to become the most powerful man the land. However, at the time when his country needed him most, a tragic and sudden death strikes him. He is assassinated. He left a legacy that endured due to his unique humane personality as a leader ofRead MoreThe Abraham Lincoln s Childhood1317 Words   |  6 Pages Summary The book starts with talking about Abraham Lincoln’s childhood. Abraham was born in Nolan Creek, Kentucky in 1809, to his parents Nancy Hanks and Thomas Lincoln. Abraham s father Thomas was described as â€Å"a tinker- a piddler- always doing but doing nothing great† (2). During his childhood, the family would move several times, first to Indiana and later to Illinois. Abraham’s mother, Nancy Hanks, died when he was still a boy. 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Basically the melting pot refers to America as Melting Pot of Cultures. The United States is a country of immigrants. It’s a place where people from all over the world come to build aRead MoreThe Presidential Election Of 1860 Essay1271 Words   |  6 Pageselection of 1860 were Abraham Lincoln, Republican, John Breckinridge, Southern Democrat, John Bell, Constitutional Union, and Stephen Douglas, Northern Democratic. Abraham Lincoln was against the increase of slavery into the new territories. Lincoln did not receive one vote from the south, but he did win over 50% of the El ectoral College votes so Lincoln won the presidency to become the 16th President of the United States. Abraham Lincoln was known as one of America’s greatest heroes because of his inconceivable

Big Family vs. Small Family - 583 Words

Parents everywhere have to make the best decisions for their children. One of those decisions is the size of the family. Parents have to choose what they think will be better for the kids and themselves. I believe that larger families are better than small families. I choose big families, for a number of reasons, including building social skills, responsibility, independence, and assertiveness. There is a growing trend in the world to have a small family rather than a large one. Why? Because of money. A family’s financial situation is closely related to the size of the household. The cost for a small family is way less than for a large family. As a result, children of small families can afford to go to better schools, or explore expensive†¦show more content†¦Feelings are more likely to be out in the open in a big family, because to get what you want, you have to say it and be forceful. This is an important life skill. They are more assertive and expressive. Finally, my last reason is just because it’s fun. It’s fun to fight over the t.v. remote with my sisters, or to go to their basketball games. It’s fun to sprint across the room to get the last slice of pizza, or argue over whose shirt it is. The holidays are more festive, and when they’re gone the house seems big and empty. They have seen me at my worst, and I’ve seen them at theirs, but still we don’t judge. It’s like we signed a contract long ago, as soon as we came out of the womb, to stick together forever. I only feel like that with my siblings and I pity only children and a families of two children, because they don’t have that bond with as many people as I do. In conclusion, larger families are better in terms of social situations and important life skills. At the end of the day, it’s what makes the parents more comfortable, but I’d like to urge any future parents to not dismiss the idea of a big family because of money and income. 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Absenteeism and Attendance of Employees †Paper Free Essays

string(49) " so that there is no scope for miscommunication\." Absenteeism and Attendance of Employees Employee absenteeism is one of the most common workplace problems facing employers in today’s workplace. Legitimate illnesses still account for the majority of employee absences, but some studies have shown that less than one-third of absences from the workplace are related to poor health. Most employers offer their workers vacation,  sick leave, paid time off, or other kinds of paid and unpaid  leave. We will write a custom essay sample on Absenteeism and Attendance of Employees – Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now A key to curbing abuse is to have an absenteeism policy that clearly sets forth which absences are allowed, and what behavior will subject the employee to  discipline. Absenteeism problems can range from employees not calling in or not showing up for their shifts, taking sick leave when well, and exhausting their available leave every month, to requesting extra time off and establishing patterns of abuse. For these non-protected absences employers can, and should, discipline their employees. A company’s policy should be clearly written and disseminated to all employees. In addition, the employer should make sure to  train all supervisors and managers  to ensure that the policy is being fairly applied. It’s a good idea to spot check attendance issues in every department to make sure that company rules are being fairly imposed. Absenteeism is the term generally used to refer to  unscheduled  employee absences from the  workplace. Many causes of absenteeism are legitimate—personal illness or family issues, for example—but absenteeism also can often be traced to other factors such as a poor work environment or workers who are not committed to their jobs. If such absences become excessive, they can have a seriously adverse impact on a business’s operations and, ultimately, its profitability Read more:  http://www. nswers. com/topic/absenteeism#ixzz2OV25Xt00 Absenteeism  is the term used to describe the fact of an individual’s missing his or her regular daily activity The habitual non-presence of an employee at his or her job. Possible causes of absenteeism include job dissatisfaction, ongoing personal issues and chronic medical problems. Reg ardless of cause, a worker with a pattern of being absent may put his reputation and his employed status at risk. However, some forms of absence from work are legally protected and cannot be grounds for termination. Absenteeism  is a habitual  pattern  of absence from a  duty  or  obligation. Traditionally, absenteeism has been viewed as an indicator of poor individual performance, as well as a breach of an implicit contract between employee and employer; it was seen as a management problem, and framed in economic or quasi-economic terms. More recent scholarship seeks to understand absenteeism as an indicator of psychological, medical, or social adjustment to work. In this study absenteeism is defined as: temporary, extended or permanent incapacity for work as a result of sickness or infirmity The purpose of the study was to investigate the incidence of learner bsenteeism in the country, the reasons why learners absent themselves from schools and examine the systems that exist to monitor and reduce learner absenteeism. Firstly, there are reasons for absenteeism associated with personal factors, such as illness, age, gender and learning difficulties. Secondly, absenteeism may be caused by socio-economic factors relating to food insecurity, problems with transport to school , the impact of HIV/AIDS on children and families How to Deal with Employee Absenteeism Employee absenteeism is one of the major areas of concern for organizations today. It reduces productivity and puts burden on the available staff. Let us take a look at some methods through which you can keep it in check in your organization. One of the biggest challenges that organizations face today is unplanned absenteeism. Frequent absenteeism from employees not only hampers the productivity of an organization, but it also affects the morale of hard-working employees. It is therefore essential that organizations get their act together and take necessary steps to reduce it. Absenteeism can either be for genuine reasons or culpable. It is the responsibility of a manager to identify employees who are frequently absent, and look for steps to counter it. Some researchers are of the view that punitive action is the only way by which unplanned absenteeism can be reduced, but this belief has few takers. You can persuade an employee to come to office but the chances that he would work wholeheartedly are slim. You don’t want to create an atmosphere where your employees come up with new ideas to call in for a day off. This will also make it more difficult for employees who genuinely need a leave to tend to their personal or family issues. Besides, you can’t have different set of rules for different people as this will lead to accusations of discrimination. Analysts have pointed out that an authoritarian style of management is one of the prime reasons behind frequent absenteeism and tardiness. Managers who set up targets that are simply unachievable or blame everyone expect themselves for any failure, put their employees under a lot of stress. This is one of the major reasons why employees don’t feel like coming to office. Organizations which fail to have an efficient leave policy in place also witness high absenteeism. In the absence of a point of contact, employees get more leverage which can lead to higher absenteeism levels. How to Reduce Employee Absenteeism? Reducing employee absenteeism requires sustained effort, and the first and foremost step in this direction is to provide coaching to the team leaders/managers of your organization. Managers should be provided with adequate training to improve their interpersonal skills. They should also be reminded that the power that has been conferred upon them has to be used to make the organization a better place to work, not to boss around and put people off. This will not only help you in addressing the issue, but also in tackling issues like employee turnover, and low morale among your staff. Having a clear leave policy is essential if you don’t want your employees to abuse their privileges. It is important that you explain all the policies to your employees when you recruit them so that there is no scope for miscommunication. You read "Absenteeism and Attendance of Employees – Paper" in category "Papers" This helps especially in case of large organizations where it is virtually impossible to keep an eye on every employee. Having an effective communication system helps in maintaining transparency and keeps rumor mongers at bay. It dispels negativity and makes employees feel that they are being recognized as a part of the organization. Trusting your employees by giving them more responsibility instills a sense of confidence in them and creates a good atmosphere in the workplace. Rewarding employees who have shown good performance by missing lesser work days can go a long way in helping you deal with employee absenteeism. It will not only help in recognizing hardworking employees, but also motivate employees to come to work rather than staying at home. Unplanned absenteeism costs a few million dollars to American companies every year, so it is important that you address this issue with utmost seriousness. If yours is a small or a mid-scale business, then the effects are much more grave. You can’t completely wipe out this issue, but what you should essentially aim to do is to reduce the frequency of culpable absenteeism. Absenteeism – employees not showing up for work when scheduled – can be a major problem for organisations. As pressures increase on the budgets and competitiveness of companies, more attention is being given to reduce workplace absenteeism and its cost. Most research has concluded that absence is a complex variable and that it is influenced by multiple causes, both personal and organisational. Job satisfaction has been noted as one of the factors influencing an employee’s motivation to attend. INTRODUCTION To many in the world of work, absenteeism is one of those stubborn problems for which â€Å"†¦.. there is no clear culprit and no easy cure† (Rhodes Steers, 1990, p. 1). Furthermore, as a general phenomenon it does not discriminate against individuals on the basis of sex, race and religion. Bydawell (2000, p. 5) postulates that â€Å"employers have the right to expect good attendance from their employees as employment is a contract between two consenting parties. † The author further states that absentee issues will undoubtedly arise within the employment relationship, and should be resolved in a manner which is fair and equitable to both the employer and the employee. Absenteeism can be very costly to o rganisations and enormous savings can be realised through effective management of non-attendance at work. Besides the cost implications, absenteeism is influenced by dozens of interrelated factors hich make it even more difficult to â€Å"quantify, qualify, or rectify† (Tylczak , 1990, p. 9). One of these factors which have been cited by different researchers is an employee’s level of job satisfaction in the workplace. In conjunction with this, George and Jones (2002, p. 93) maintain that â€Å"†¦many researchers have studied the relationship between absenteeism and job satisfaction in an attempt to discover ways to reduce absenteeism. † Early job satisfaction research has emphasised the underlying assumption that job dissatisfaction represents the primary cause of absenteeism (Steers, Porter Bigley, 1996). McShane’s (1984) review as quoted by Steers et al. (1996) supported the notion that employees who are dissatisfied with various aspects of their jobs are more likely to be absent. Studies by McShane (1984) found â€Å"job satisfaction to be more highly related to frequency of absences than to number of days lost† (Steers et al. , 1996, p. 409) Rhodes and Steers (1990) propose that employee attendance is based on an employee’s motivation to attend as well as their ability to attend. According to George and Jones (2002), job satisfaction is one of the factors affecting an employee’s motivation to attend. It becomes important to measure the strength of the relationship between absenteeism and job satisfaction as â€Å"†¦.. positive attitudes can at times serve to â€Å"pull† the individual towards the organisation and the reverse can be expected when attitudes are more negative † (George Jones, 2002, p. 94). An employees’ ability to attend is influenced on the other hand by factors such as family responsibilities, transportation problems, accidents and the like. Once all these variables are identified, managers may begin to understand why employees sometimes choose not to come to work when they are fully capable of attending. By the same token, it is â€Å"equally important for managers to understand those circumstances in which people, for whatever reason (illness or otherwise), are genuinely unable to come to work† (Rhodes Steers, 1990, p. 13). Absenteeism seems to be a behaviour that organisations can never eliminate, but they can rather control and manage it. George and Jones (2002, p. 94) note that â€Å"organisations should not have absence policies that are so restrictive that they literally force workers to come to work even if they are ill. Organisations may want to recognise that a certain level of absence is indeed functional. PROBLEM STATEMENT Tremendous pressure is being placed on companies to reduce costs either through downsizing, outsourcing or restructuring. For many employees, these changes can cause feelings of insecurity regarding the nature of their jobs as well as their future. Not having people at work increases the workload of fellow employees, reduces productivity and inc reases the cost of contract labour. Absenteeism In terms of the discussion, the three terms â€Å"absence, absenteeism and sickness absence† will be used as synonymous in meaning, implying that workers who were scheduled for ork and expected to attend, did not do so. Cascio (2003, p. 45) defines absenteeism as â€Å"any failure of an employee to report for or to remain at work as scheduled, regardless of the reason. † Milkovich and Boudreau (1994) define absenteeism from an organisation’s perspective as â€Å"the frequency and/or duration of work time lost when employees do not come to work. † Absenteeism therefore implies â€Å"an unplanned, disruptive incident; but more specifically, it can be seen as non-attendance when an employee is scheduled for work † (Van der Merwe Miller, SUMMARY OF CHAPTER In summary, this chapter highlighted the fact that absenteeism is pervasive throughout most organisations and can place huge financial burdens on organisations. A central concern in organisations is probably that some employees believe that it is their â€Å"right† to 13take sick leave whether they are sick or not. These short, unscheduled absences impact on work schedules, increase workloads of other employees and can also have a detrimental effect on productivity. Furthermore, this chapter emphasised that absenteeism is influenced by a number of interrelated factors ranging from family responsibilities to satisfaction on the job. Literature suggests that absenteeism is a major problem in many organisations, hence, the importance of focusing on this behaviour within the organisation. Various studies have attempted to examine the relationship between absenteeism and job satisfaction as absence is commonly viewed as one of the means of withdrawal from stressful work situations. According to Luthans (1995), research has generally revealed a consistent inverse relationship between job satisfaction and absenteeism, i. e. when satisfaction is high, absenteeism tends to be low and when satisfaction is low, bsenteeism tends to be high. ABSENTEEISM 2. 2. 1 INTRODUCTION Unscheduled absences affect almost every type of organisation. Hoque and Islam (2003, p. 81) describe absenteeism as a â€Å"subject to be studied, matter to be thought over and a problem to be solved. † Besides the direct costs associated with absenteeism, there are also indirect costs such as hiring of casual staff, reduced productivity, turnove r and potential loss in revenue (Cole, 2002; Mason Griffin, 2003). Robinson (2002) further notes that the indirect costs of absenteeism can be up to three times higher than the direct osts of absenteeism. It therefore becomes vital that organisations recognise the extent of this problem due to the high costs associated with continued unscheduled absences. The main problem is perhaps that many employees believe sick leave is a â€Å"benefit † like annual leave and they are entitled to take it, irrespective of the condition of their health. This has implications for organisations because it is difficult for an organisation to operate smoothly if employees fail to report for work. According to Robbins et al. (2003), having sick leave programmes in organisations, i. e. providing paid sick eave, actually enforces the wrong behaviour, which is absence from work. The authors argue that organisations should rather reward employees for attendance, not for being absent. Moreover, the importance of good attendance and its benefits should be clearly communicated to all employees (Bydawell, 2000). Rhodes and Steers (1990) maintain that people tend to have different perspectives or attach different meanings when viewing the topic of employee absenteeism. To the 20manager, absence is often seen as a problem to be solved, but to the employee it can take on a very different meaning. For the employee, absenteeism can be symbolic of deeper feelings of hostility or perceptions of inequitable treatment in the job situation or a way to sabotage the organisation for the poor work environment or other attributes of the job. TYPES OF ABSENTEEISM Van der Merwe and Miller (1988) classify absenteeism into three broad categories that help to understand the nature of this phenomenon. They are: (1) sickness absence, (2) authorised absence/absence with permission and (3) unexcused absence/ absence without leave. Sickness absence Sickness absence is a category where employees claim ill health as their reason for bsence. Requirements regarding medical/doctor’s certificates vary and are determined by company policy or the Basic Conditions of Employment Act (BCEA). The Basic Conditions of Employment Act 75 (1997) stipulates that a certificate needs to be produced after two days of sickness absence. Most managers have found that certification is not a guarantee of genuine ab sence as it has become easy for people to gain access to medical certificates. Van der Merwe and Miller (1988, p. 10) maintain that â€Å"having a critical attitude to short sick absence, and indicating to employees that heir absence behaviour is regularly monitored, is likely to result in a better norm of attendance. † 2. 2. 3. 2 Authorised absence Absence with permission is where employees prov an â€Å"excuse† for their absence whether that be for holidays, study leave, special leave and the like. Normally such a request is included in the absence policy (Van der Merwe Miller, 1988, p. 11). 2. 2. 3. 3 Unexcused absence All absences not falling into the two previous categories and where no reason is given, or not accepted, are regarded as unexcused (Van Der Merwe Miller, 1988, p. 11). This ype of absence, when it reaches problematic proportions, will have to be pointed out to employees in question in order to bring their attendance in line with acceptable norms Emp loyees who come to work later in the day or who leave earlier are normally not recorded on the leave records of employers and the supervisor is normally aware of such absences (Wolmarans, 1994). CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Sickness absence has attracted attention in response to competitive pressures and tightening labour markets and by managing absence, organisations can achieve a better competitive edge (Johnson et al. 2003). For many organisations however, absenteeism management remains a daunting task, as it can place huge financial burdens on organisations. Aware of the indirect costs associated with absenteeism, management must determine what factors are responsible for absenteeism and how these factors can be addressed to curb this challenging problem. The main goal of the present study was to determine the impact of job satisfaction on absenteeism as research generally states that dissatisfied employees are more likely to miss work than satisfied employees (Aamodt, 2004; Saal Knight, 1988). The study owever only found a weak, albeit inverse correlation between satisfaction and absenteeism. The role of other variables, for example personality, work-group norms, organisational commitment and family related responsibilities have not been included although their impact on absenteeism have been noted (Mowday et al. , 1982; Rhodes Steers, 1990). In order to improve on this, it is suggested that further research be undertaken to ascertain the potential effect of these variables on absenteeism. 145Since the current research utilised a non – probability sampling method, certain groups may have been under-presented. Although the sample of 121 is considered appropriate, a larger, stratified random sample would have enabled greater precision and control with respect to the sample. Furthermore, the sample employed was relatively small, reducing the study’s generalizability to the larger organisation. Moreover, the small number of female respondents prevented meaningful comparisons being made. The study was conducted in one organisation in the Western Cape, which further limits its applicability to a wider population. A cross-sectional design was used for the study as it provided the researcher with a napshot of the research elements at a given point in time. Even though this design is considered appropriate, a longitudinal study would allow for forming a better understanding of the true nature of absenteeism and job satisfaction as it uses the same sample over a period of time. The study is further limited in that it used self –report measures of absence, which is highly subjective. J ohns (1996) as quoted by Siu (2002) – argues that â€Å"employees do not have accurate perceptions of their own absenteeism, some employees underestimate their own absenteeism and overestimate the absenteeism of co-workers† (Siu, 2002, p. 218). Further research should adopt more objective measures of absence. The second goal of the study focused on the relationship between personal characteristics and absence. Significant correlations were found and it is important for management to 146understand these dynamics in order to control absenteeism in the workplace. The importance of understanding specifically the impact of age on the work force will continue to grow, owing to changes in legislation (age discrimination, non-mandatory retirement) and also the impact of HIV and AIDS (Kacmar Ferris, 1989). Organisations need to have stringent policies in place to control absenteeism, and a ulture of attendance needs to be cultivated amongst employees. Future research needs to also examine the absence severity rate (ASR) which indicates the number of days sick leave per incident over a period of time, which is how long employees are off when they do take sick leave (Mowday et al. ,1982). Excessive absenteeism can escalate to the poi nt that it directly affects productivity, quality and morale. A final goal of the study was to examine the impact of personal characteristics on job satisfaction. While the study focused on personal predictors of job satisfaction, there re other variables (job and organisational) that may be better predictors of job satisfaction (Spector, 1997; 2000). It is suggested that further research needs to be conducted to identify these factors that contribute to employees’ job satisfaction. 147REFERENCE LIST Aamodt, M. G. (1996). Applied Industrial/Organisational Psychology (2nd ed. ). USA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. Aamodt, M. G. (2004). Applied Industrial/Organisational Psychology (4th ed). USA: Thomson/Wadsworth. Alavi, H. R. , Askaripur, M. R. (2003). The relationship between self-esteem and job satisfaction of personnel in government organisations. Public Personnel Management 32 (4) : 591-599. Anderson, A. E. (2004). What’s absent in absence management. Employee Benefits Journal 29 (1) : 25-30. Anderson, N. , Ones, D. S. , Sinangil, H. K, Viswesvaran, C. (2001). Handbook of Industrial, Work and Organisational Psychology- Volume 2 London : SAGE Publications. Anthony, W. P. , Perrewe, P. L. , Kacmar, K. M. (1999). Human Resource Management- A strategic approach (3rd ed. ). Publishers: Harcourt Brace College. 148Armstrong, M. (1996). Personnel management practice (6th ed. ). London : Kogan Page. Atchison, T. (1999). They myths of employee satisfaction. Healthcare Executive 14 (2) :18-23. Bajpai, N. , Srivastava, D. (2004). Sectorial comparison of factors influencing job satisfaction in Indian banking sector. Singapore Management Review 26 (2) : 89-99. Berkowitz, L. (1987). Pay, equity, job gratifications and comparisons in pay satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology 72 (4) : 544-551. Bless, C. , Higson-Smith, C. (1995). Fundamentals of social research methods. An African perspective. (2nd ed. ). South Africa : Juta and Co, Ltd. Brief, A. P. (1998). Attitudes in and around organisations USA : SAGE Publications. Butler, J. (1994). To conduct an investigation into absenteeism in Cape Town organisations. Unpublished masters thesis, University of Cape Town. Buitendach, J. H. , De Witte, H. (2005). Job insecurity, extrinsic and intrinsic job satisfaction and affective organisation commitment of maintenance workers in a parastatal. South African Journal of Business Management 36 (2) : 27-33. 149Bydawell, M. (2000). Managing people who don’t come to work. People Dynamics 18 : 15-19. Carr, M. , Human, P. (1988). Job satisfaction and its relationship with demographic and work-related variables: A case study in the Western Cape, South Africa. 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F. (1992). Job satisfaction: How people feel about their jobs and how it affects their performance Lexington Books. Cresswell, J. (2003). Research design-Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (2nd ed. ). USA : SAGE Publications. De Vos, A. S. (1998). Research at grass roots: A primer for the caring professions J. L. Van Schaik Publishers. Du Plessis, A. , Visser, D. , Fourie, L. (2003). Die omvang en aard van afwesigheid in die werkplek; ‘n Suid-Afrikaanse gevalstudie. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology. 29 (1) : 58-67. Egan, M. , Kadushan, G. (2004). Job satisfaction of home health social workers in the environment of cost containment. Health and Social Work 29 (4) : 287-295. Employee assistance programmes (June 2004). Employee Benefits. 151Ericson, D. (2001). Lessons in absenteeism management. Benefits Canada, 5 (4) : 89- 91. French, W. L. (1998). Human Resources Management. Boston, New York : Houghton Mifflin Company. Friday, S. , Friday, E. (2003). Racio-ethnic perceptions of job characteristics and job satisfaction. Journal of Management Development 22 (5) : 426 – 442. Fried, Y. , Melamed, S. , Ben-David, H. (2002). The joint effects of noise, job complexity, a nd gender on employee sickness absence: exploratory study across 21 organisations –the CORDIS study. Journal of Occupational and Organisational Psychology 75 : 131-144. George, J. M. , Jones, G. R. (2002). Organisational behaviour. (3rd ed. ). New Jersey : Prentice Hall. Gibson, J. , Ivancevich, J. , Donnelly, J. (1997). Organisations: Behaviour, structure, processes. (9th ed. ). Chicago : Irwin. Goldberg, C. , Waldman, D. (2000). Modelling employee absenteeism: Testing alternative measures and mediated effects based on job satisfaction. Journal of Organisational Behaviour 21 : 665-676. 152Gragg, E. (2004). Telecommuting comes of age. Office Solutions 21 (4) : 46-47. Hair, J. F. , Babin, B. , Money, A. Samouel, P. (2003). 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Wal-Mart SWOT And PESTEL Analysis - Free Sample Solution

Question : Write a report demonstrating how an understanding of external influences could assist your chosen organisation in developing their marketing strategy. Answer : Introduction Wal-Mart is a well known international brand with a chain of stores in United States. It has a wide collection of generally known products for the consumer. It offers private label retail across different product categories such as apparel, household items, entertainment, and grocery. With presence in worldwide markets, it has established a dominant position. It markets a variety of products to meet the consumer requirements (Mike Pereira 2002). The company was established in the year 1962 in US. Michael Duke is the present CEO and it has a workforce of 2,200,000. It is well placed to meet the demand out of increased trades Wal-Mart has combined technology and international standards of marketing and retailing to provide consumers with their favorite products. After humble beginnings in the past, it has grown up to be a household name throughout the world. It strives to progress by harnessing the versatility and available opportunities (SFU 2014). The marketing has usually be targeting the working families to get their choice of products at affordable and reasonable prices. Wal-Mart also has ecommerce online stores which gives a shopping convenience to buyers. The business philosophy of the brand is based on prioritizing the consumer above all. Build on a highly effective mechanism; it is committed to provide simple access to over 1,000,000 products. Wal-Mart has vowed to improve the nutritional stands if its products in the coming years. It aims to lower the levels of salt and sugar and also eliminate transfat. It also contributes in different charitable causes that reach up to $1 billion per year. The headquarters of the company is located in Bentonville, Arkansas. International operations excluding United States stretch up to 6337 stores across the 26 countries. The company gathers and analyzes a wide scale of data based on shopping habits of consumers. It also employs the highest number of people in the United States (WRLC 2009). SWOT Analysis Strength The international store is also the biggest wholesaler across the globe. Fortune 500 ranked it as number one in 2011 and among the largest American companies. The widely spread operations ensure that there is no rival of equal measure. Wal-Mart has the ability to replicate its flagship products on a regular basis throughout the world on unrivalled scale. Wal-Mart can benefit from the low income group of consumers by catering to their rising demands for consumable staples to replace discretionary items. With such flexibility and impact, it has maintained a solid market reputation over the years and continues to do so (Strategy Online n.d.). Weakness Wal-Mart, being a large box vendor runs different supercenters throughout US. In order to store the new stock, they need a big area. It limits the substantial expansion in those urban areas where the provided space is limited. According to some studies, Wal-Mart has experienced reduced store sales in America for eight consecutive quarters owing to its market place space. It has become significant for the multinational retail giant to deliver as per its strength. There is a need to bring a reshuffled set up which is more suitable in the urban spaces. It has some fierce competitors in form of companies like Tesco and Costco. These brands also aim to go ahead with fresh functional set ups. Provided they are successful, Wal-Mart will be unfortunately in a disadvantageous position. Opportunities In the developing economies such as Brazil, South Africa and Mexico, the company has been successful in growing its existence (Hunts Ville 2007). In the future years, customers of developing economies will purchase majority of the globe's good apart from manufacturing a handful. Income growth of Wal-Mart would be impacted by the rising market trends of these fast growing economies (Abahe n.d.). Threats There has been a rise in the number of employees in the recent years. It indicates a further possibility of rise in health care costs and labor pays. In the United States, labor expenditure for corporations has increased in line with the rise of wages and health care expenses. As per some business estimation, the health care costs of US workers would go up by 8% in 2012 and more with the passage of time. The increases in medical costs are even outsmarting the inflation and pay rise. One of the key driving factors behind the rise of medical charges is employee insecurities. They are concerned about losing their jobs and also the health cover. As a result, they are extensively using their health care and even contain it (Sage Pub 2010). PESTEL Analysis PESTEL analysis is done to mark the actions that are significant and essential for immediate activation. The six different elements which are external to the organization shows the impact they make to the operations of the company and hence the marketing environment. It also defines the healthy and unhealthy outcome of some factors in the business. The environment, technical expertise and competitive forces keep on changing and it has also impacted Wal-Mart. It has to come up with strategic plans for making fast decisions in a long term basis. Political impact On more than one occasion, Wal-Mart has faced political action and law suits for different reasons. Gender discrimination lawsuit was filed against the company in 2007. It alleged that women employees faced discrimination in terms of payments and promotions. These few regulations impact the perception people have towards the brand of being employee friendly and socially conscious company. A negative news can impact the sales of the company adversely (HIS Global Insight 2006). Economic impact United States has plans for moderating the rise of supercenters in an effort to leverage capital assets. It will be done through a plan which has been designed for increasing returns and sales across US stores. This will have a great impact on Wal-Mart. As per some studies, the smaller towns will lose half their total retail trade by a decade with the arrival of their store. Another study conducted in 2004 by two university professors said that US counties having Wal-Mart store faced a rise in poverty levels compared to other counties. An article came out in the year 2006 which said that Wal-Mart had a positive influence on small businesses. According to a report that published in a leading daily, the discount on food items of the company raises the welfare levels of US shoppers by up to $50 billion annually (HIS Global Insight 2006). An American daily also observed Wal-Mart as the remarkable job creator of the galaxy in private sector history. Thus, it cannot be denied that the international brand has been a very strong force for a long time in the retail sector. Social impact Wal-Mart has an immense popularity and following in the social circles. Many places throughout the world follow a trend which says that Wal-Mart is the best shopping destination. Consequently, there are many consumers throughout US that go to the stores of the company. They consider it as a one stop service for shopping needs. Thus, it has become their first primary choice owing to the social impact of the brand. The online store of the company has also been a successful and well accepted effort. It has only increased the number of shoppers and followers (NYU n.d.). There are also a certain percentage of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender workers. The company aims to achieve diversity in its employee groups. It had received appreciation for stretching the antidiscrimination policy. Technological impact The basis aspects of marketing follow inputs from modern technology in the world of Wal-Mart retail. Advertisement and sales of the available products are largely based on internet and the new media i.e. social media. Almost three years back, Wal-Mart had made announcements of working on their home delivery system for customer convenience. Being the biggest retailer of United States, the company collects data on shopping habits of consumers for analysis. It is done to optimize operations though prediction of consumer habits (CIMA 2007). Environmental impact Wal-Mart had made announcements of implementing a series of environmental measures for increasing energy efficiency. It has become the largest seller of organic milk and highest purchaser of organic cotton globally. The company has also reduced its packaging and energy expenses. Legal impact Wal-Mart was slapped with a fine of more than $80 million for poor management of hazardous wastes. Hillary Clinton had served as one of the fifteen members in board of director position. It has faced lawsuits for sex discrimination and the legal policies were also rated low by the labor unions. Conclusion Wal-Mart has been a widely successful venture which is proved by its growth and impact in the retail world since arrival. It is able to negotiate for lower prices from vendors. Bu using its bargaining influence, it cuts down the products costs to attract as many customers as possible. The company is constantly involved in revamping its approach and procedures to expand its reach. This international store and its whereabouts were used as subjects of documentary movies, publications, television references, etc. It is always in news for some reasons or the other (SW learning n.d.). Apart from appreciation and acceptance, Wal-Mart has also faced criticism on certain issues. Be its community groups, labor unions, environmental organizations or their own staff, the company had to go through challenging times. However, it cannot be denied that Wal-Mart has created numerous job and employment opportunities since its inception. It also gives donation on charitable causes which shows a sense of responsibility towards the environment and community as a whole. Due to the presence of Wal-Mart, many rival companies have improved their productivity standards, quality levels, pricing structure, etc. It has influenced the global community at large and will keep on doing so in future. 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